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<title>Universal basic services</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Universal basic services</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a href="Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Moral universalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_value" title="Universal value">Universal value</a></li>

<li><a href="Universality_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li>

<li><a href="Universalizability" title="Universalizability">Universalizability</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic and societal</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">Universal health care</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_preschool" title="Universal preschool">Universal preschool</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;">

Beliefs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">Apocatastasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">Universal reconciliation</a></li></ul></td>

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Churches and groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="International_Council_of_Unitarians_and_Universalists" title="International Council of Unitarians and Universalists">International Council of<br>Unitarians and Universalists</a></div></li>

<li><a href="Primitive_Baptist_Universalist" title="Primitive Baptist Universalist">Primitive Baptist Universalists</a></li>

<li><a href="Universalist_Church_of_America" title="Universalist Church of America">Universalist Church of America</a></li></ul></td>

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Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Christian_universalism" title="History of Christian universalism">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hinduism <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Neo-Vedanta)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Sufi_Order_In%C4%81yati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi Order Ināyati">Sufism</a></li>

<li><a href="Universalism_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement">Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Spiritual</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;">

<ul><li><a href="Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">Theosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p><b>Universal basic services</b> (<b>UBS</b>) is an idea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPercyMoorePortesReed2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPercyMoorePortesReed2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a form of <a href="Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> in which all citizens or residents of a community, region, or country receive unconditional access to a range of free, basic, <a href="Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a>, funded by taxpayers and provided collectively by a government or <a href="Public_institution_(United_States)" title="Public institution (United States)">public institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic services commonly include:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Education</li>

<li>Health care</li>

<li>Housing</li>

<li>Essential food</li>

<li>Water and sanitation</li>

<li>Buses and trains</li>

<li>Basic internet</li>

<li>Legal aid and representation</li></ul>

<p>Further services, where there are low or zero marginal costs for adding further users are:

</p>

<ul><li>Electricity and heating</li>

<li>Retail banking</li>

<li>Public broadcast media</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Universal Basic Services is a development of the <a href="Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> model. The term appeared in 2017 in press<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first modelling in a report from <a href="University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London (UCL)</a>'s Institute for Global Prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-igpspnOct2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igpspnOct2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">British Labour Party</a> welcomed<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the report and announced in 2018<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that UBS would be incorporated into the party's platform.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UBS_inclusion_rationale">UBS inclusion rationale</h2></div>

<p>Universal Basic Services are provided on the basis that they are necessary to sustain and enable each citizen's material safety, opportunity to contribute, or participate in the decision-making processes of their community, region or country, even if they lack any financial income. The UBS model extends the notion of a <a href="Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a> to include those elements necessary to fulfil a larger role<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in society.

</p><p>To substantiate inclusion in a UBS provision services meet at least one of these conditions:

</p>

<ul><li>necessary to maintain the individual's or the society's material safety</li>

<li>necessary to enable the individual's personal effort to use their skills and abilities to contribute to their society, either for remuneration or not</li>

<li>necessary to allow the individual to participate in the political system(s) within which they live</li></ul>

<p>The following table represents rationales used for the inclusion of certain services in a UBS definition:

</p>

<caption>UBS inclusion rationales

</caption>

<th>UBS

</th>

<th>Material safety

</th>

<th>Opportunity

</th>

<th>Participation

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Housing

</td>

<td>♦

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Electricity and heating

</td>

<td>♦

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Food and water

</td>

<td>♦

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Health and care

</td>

<td>♦

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Education

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>♦

</td>

<td>♦

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Transport

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>♦

</td>

<td>♦

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Information

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>♦

</td>

<td>♦

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Legal

</td>

<td>♦

</td>

<td>♦

</td>

<td>♦

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The specific content of any set of UBS varies according to the <a href="Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">resources</a> available to the society and their political definitions of what constitutes <i>basic</i> provision - see <a href="#UBS_Inclusion_Rationale">UBS Inclusion Rationale</a>. Many societies already provide some elements of UBS, such as <a href="Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> and <a href="Public_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Public healthcare">public healthcare</a> services.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_definitions_and_examples">Service definitions and examples</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shelter">Shelter</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Homeless_shelter" title="Homeless shelter">Homeless shelter</a></li>

<li><a href="Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li></ul>

<p>Public housing are built to provide affordable or subsidized housing for lower income earners. This is inline with rationale behind the UBS, to sustain social inclusion. <a href="UN-Habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="UN-Habitat">UN-Habitat</a> estimate that approximately 40% of the total world population will lack access to affordable housing by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustenance">Sustenance</h3></div>

<li><a href="Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li>

<li><a href="Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_care">Health and care</h3></div>

<p>Services that support health, and services which provide for care of <a href="Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a>, <a href="Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">elderly</a> and others.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">Universal health care</a></li></ul>

<p>In <i>The Case for Universal Basic Services</i> Coote and Percy argue for the expansion of the Care service definition to include <a href="Child_care" title="Child care">childcare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div>

<p>Schooling and training.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li>

<li><a href="State_school" title="State school">Public education</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div>

<p>Local transport to access other services, shops and employment.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information">Information</h3></div>

<p>Access to communications that <a href="Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">enable participation in society</a> as well as access to the other services.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Municipal wireless network</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3></div>

<p>The Legal category UBS is a broad definition to include safety services, legal assistance and the apparatus necessary to sustain the society's <a href="Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal system</a> and <a href="Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a>. The courts, assemblies, political salaries, civil services and other aspects of the structure of the society are included in the definition of Legal UBS.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></li>

<li><a href="Policing" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing">Policing</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">Legal aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts">Courts</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">Right to counsel</a></li>

<li>Social services agencies</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_service_definitions">Local service definitions</h3></div>

<p>UBS are designed and delivered by governments and institutions which tailor the exact content of the services to meet the particular circumstances of the local community.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2></div>

<p>In the standardised definition of UBS the cost of the services is funded by revenues derived from <a href="Income_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Income Tax">income taxes</a>, which are <a href="Hypothecation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothecation">hypothecated</a> to the delivery of the UBS.

</p><p>Most UBS services in societies around the world today are funded out of general <a href="Government_revenue" title="Government revenue">government revenues</a>, such as <a href="Publicly_funded_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Publicly funded healthcare">publicly funded healthcare</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model_costing">Model costing</h3></div>

<p>In October 2017 the Institute for Global Prosperity at <a href="University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London (UCL)</a> produced a report<sup id="cite_ref-igpspnOct2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igpspnOct2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modelling the cost of UBS for the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.

The report modelled funding the UBS services (£42.16Bn) from a reduction in the <a href="Personal_allowance" title="Personal allowance">Personal Tax Allowance</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_justifications_for_UBS">Cost justifications for UBS</h3></div>

<p>The cost of extending public services as universal entitlements is justified through some combination of the following savings:

</p>

<ul><li>increased productivity through greater support for deeper specialisation</li>

<li>substitution of <a href="Cash_transfers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash transfers">cash benefits</a></li>

<li>enhanced efficiency of delivery resulting from local design and demand management<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>long term savings in labour costs as UBS substitute for increases in pay<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1978_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labour_market_effects">Labour market effects</h2></div>

<p>The two most common effects on operagraphics (<a href="Labour_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour market">labour markets</a>) are:

</p>

<ol><li>increased flexibility through enhanced access to job opportunities (e.g. transport access<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li>

<li>reduced upward pressure on labour rates through the substitution of direct financial cost ("social wage"<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1978_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1978-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)

<ol><li>The 2017 UCL report shows potential cost replacement of 80% of average pay for the lowest income decile<sup id="cite_ref-igpspnOct2017_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igpspnOct2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_benefits">Environmental benefits</h2></div>

<p>UBS can lead to lower emissions, particularly through greater use of public transport.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms_and_conditions">Criticisms and conditions</h2></div>

<ul><li>UBS may be an inefficient method to cover the personal and necessarily individual living costs associated with needs such as toiletries, requiring any UBS to be supplemented by some form of <a href="Cash_transfers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash transfers">cash transfers</a> or credit system that can be used by citizens to satisfy personally specific living costs. This component could be delivered as a form of <a href="Basic_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic income">basic income</a>, as modelled in the UCL report,<sup id="cite_ref-igpspnOct2017_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igpspnOct2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit at the low end of the scale within which basic income distributions are commonly proposed.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Basic_needs" title="Basic needs">Basic needs</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_protection_floor" title="Social protection floor">Social protection floor</a></li>

<li><a href="UK_enterprise_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK enterprise law">UK enterprise law</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPercyMoorePortesReed2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPercyMoorePortesReed2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPercyMoorePortesReed2017">Percy et al. 2017</a>.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGough2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gough, Ian (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31389%2Flseppr.12">"The Case for Universal Basic Services"</a>. <i>LSE Public Policy Review</i>. <b>1</b> (2). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31389%2Flseppr.12">10.31389/lseppr.12</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Percy, Moore, Portes et al (2017)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCoyle2017" class="citation news cs1">Coyle, Diane (4 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/734e8fe6-1880-11e7-9c35-0dd2cb31823a">"Universal basic services are more important than income"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. Financial Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-igpspnOct2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igpspnOct2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igpspnOct2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igpspnOct2017_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igpspnOct2017_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPercy,_Moore,_Portes,_Reed2016" class="citation web cs1">Percy, Moore, Portes, Reed (23 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10080175/">"Social prosperity for the future: A proposal for Universal Basic Services"</a>. <i>UCL</i>. IGP UCL<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell" class="citation web cs1">McDonnell, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labour.org.uk/press/john-mcdonnell-response-to-the-institute-for/">"John McDonnell response to the Institute for Global Prosperity's report on Universal Basic Services"</a>. <i>Labour Party</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell" class="citation web cs1">McDonnell, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923113733/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/new-economics-of-labour//">"The new economics of Labour"</a>. <i>Open Democracy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/hilary-wainwright/new-economics-of-labour">the original</a> on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920074826/https://unhabitat.org/topic/housing">"The challenge"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unhabitat.org/topic/housing">the original</a> on 20 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCootePercy" class="citation web cs1">Coote, Anna; Percy, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/en-gb/The+Case+for+Universal+Basic+Services-p-9781509539840">"The Case for Universal Basic Services"</a>. <i>Wiley</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Smith1978-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1978_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1978_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1978" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Paul (January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol5/iss1/3">"Social Control or Social Wage: On the Political Economy of the Welfare State"</a>. <i>The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare</i>. <b>5</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFPercyMoorePortesReed2017" class="citation book cs1">Percy, Andrew; Moore, Henrietta; Portes, Jonathan; Reed, Howard (Oct 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10080175/"><i>Social prosperity for the future: A proposal for Universal Basic Services</i></a>. <a href="UCL_Institute_for_Global_Prosperity" class="mw-redirect" title="UCL Institute for Global Prosperity">UCL Institute for Global Prosperity</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCooteKasliwalPercy2019" class="citation book cs1">Coote, Anna; Kasliwal, Pritika; Percy, Andrew (May 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/publications/2022/feb/universal-basic-services-theory-and-practice-literature-review-2019"><i>Universal Basic Services: Theory and Practice - A literature review</i></a>. <a href="UCL_Institute_for_Global_Prosperity" class="mw-redirect" title="UCL Institute for Global Prosperity">UCL Institute for Global Prosperity</a>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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